References
Bansal, S., Harrington, C.A., and St. Clair, J.B. 2016. Tolerance to multiple climate stressors: A case study of Douglas-fir drought and cold hardiness. Ecol. Evol. 6(7): 2074–2083. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. doi:10.1002/ece3.2007.
Brodrick, P.G., Anderegg, L.D.L., and Asner, G.P. 2019. Forest Drought Resistance at Large Geographic Scales. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46(5): 2752–2760. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1029/2018GL081108.
Coops, N.C., and Waring, R.H. 2011. Estimating the vulnerability of fifteen tree species under changing climate in Northwest North America. Ecol. Modell. 222(13): 2119–2129. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.033.
Grace, J. 2008. CLIMATIC TOLERANCE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. New Phytol. 106. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04686.x.
Hamann, A., and Wang, T. 2006. Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia. Ecology 87(11): 2773–2786. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2773:PEOCCO]2.0.CO;2.
Hamann, A., Wang, T., Spittlehouse, D.L., and Murdock, T.Q. 2013. A comprehensive, high-resolution database of historical and projected climate surfaces for western North America. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 94(9): 1307–1309. American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00145.1.
Hijmans, R.J., and Graham, C.H. 2006. The ability of climate envelope models to predict the effect of climate change on species distributions. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12(12): 2272–2281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01256.x.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate Change 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511546013.
Iverson, L.R., and McKenzie, D. 2013. Tree-species range shifts in a changing climate: Detecting, modeling, assisting. Landsc. Ecol. 28(5): 879–889. doi:10.1007/s10980-013-9885-x.
McKenney, D.W., Pedlar, J.H., Lawrence, K., Campbell K., Hutchinson M.F. 2007. Potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of North America Trees. BioScience. doi: 10.1641/B571106
Mckenney, D.W., Pedlar, J.H., Rood, R.B., and Price, D. 2011. Revisiting projected shifts in the climate envelopes of North American trees using updated general circulation models. Glob. Chang. Biol. 17(8): 2720–2730. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02413.x.
RStudio Team. 2020. No Title. PBC, Boston, MA.
Wang, T., Hamann, A., Spittlehouse, D.L., and Murdock, T.Q. 2012. ClimateWNA-high-resolution spatial climate data for western North America. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 51(1): 16–29. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-043.1.
Whitman, E., Batllori, E., Parisien, M.A., Miller, C., Coop, J.D., Krawchuk, M.A., Chong, G.W., and Haire, S.L. 2015. The climate space of fire regimes in north-western North America. J. Biogeogr. 42(9): 1736–1749. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1111/jbi.12533.
Images retrieved from: Image 1. Effects of drought in the Amazon rainforest, Image 2. Landscape scale mountain pine beetle infestation in Canada, Image 3: https://sites.ualberta.ca/~ahamann/data/climatewna.html, Image 4: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/understanding-droughts/
Bansal, S., Harrington, C.A., and St. Clair, J.B. 2016. Tolerance to multiple climate stressors: A case study of Douglas-fir drought and cold hardiness. Ecol. Evol. 6(7): 2074–2083. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. doi:10.1002/ece3.2007.
Brodrick, P.G., Anderegg, L.D.L., and Asner, G.P. 2019. Forest Drought Resistance at Large Geographic Scales. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46(5): 2752–2760. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1029/2018GL081108.
Coops, N.C., and Waring, R.H. 2011. Estimating the vulnerability of fifteen tree species under changing climate in Northwest North America. Ecol. Modell. 222(13): 2119–2129. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.033.
Grace, J. 2008. CLIMATIC TOLERANCE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS. New Phytol. 106. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1987.tb04686.x.
Hamann, A., and Wang, T. 2006. Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia. Ecology 87(11): 2773–2786. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[2773:PEOCCO]2.0.CO;2.
Hamann, A., Wang, T., Spittlehouse, D.L., and Murdock, T.Q. 2013. A comprehensive, high-resolution database of historical and projected climate surfaces for western North America. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 94(9): 1307–1309. American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00145.1.
Hijmans, R.J., and Graham, C.H. 2006. The ability of climate envelope models to predict the effect of climate change on species distributions. Glob. Chang. Biol. 12(12): 2272–2281. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01256.x.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2007. Climate Change 2007. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511546013.
Iverson, L.R., and McKenzie, D. 2013. Tree-species range shifts in a changing climate: Detecting, modeling, assisting. Landsc. Ecol. 28(5): 879–889. doi:10.1007/s10980-013-9885-x.
McKenney, D.W., Pedlar, J.H., Lawrence, K., Campbell K., Hutchinson M.F. 2007. Potential impacts of climate change on the distribution of North America Trees. BioScience. doi: 10.1641/B571106
Mckenney, D.W., Pedlar, J.H., Rood, R.B., and Price, D. 2011. Revisiting projected shifts in the climate envelopes of North American trees using updated general circulation models. Glob. Chang. Biol. 17(8): 2720–2730. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02413.x.
RStudio Team. 2020. No Title. PBC, Boston, MA.
Wang, T., Hamann, A., Spittlehouse, D.L., and Murdock, T.Q. 2012. ClimateWNA-high-resolution spatial climate data for western North America. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol. 51(1): 16–29. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-11-043.1.
Whitman, E., Batllori, E., Parisien, M.A., Miller, C., Coop, J.D., Krawchuk, M.A., Chong, G.W., and Haire, S.L. 2015. The climate space of fire regimes in north-western North America. J. Biogeogr. 42(9): 1736–1749. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. doi:10.1111/jbi.12533.
Images retrieved from: Image 1. Effects of drought in the Amazon rainforest, Image 2. Landscape scale mountain pine beetle infestation in Canada, Image 3: https://sites.ualberta.ca/~ahamann/data/climatewna.html, Image 4: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/understanding-droughts/
Acknowledgements
Thank you to Dr. Andreas Hamann and teaching assistant Zihaohan Sang for all their time spent answers questions and guiding me through WNAClimate, Rstudio, and ArcGIS.
Disclaimer
Although the data used in the this study is based on real measurements, the processing and analysis of these data sets has been preformed by a student with relatively minimal expertise. This website is for educational purposes only and has not been peer reviewed, nor is it published.
Thank you to Dr. Andreas Hamann and teaching assistant Zihaohan Sang for all their time spent answers questions and guiding me through WNAClimate, Rstudio, and ArcGIS.
Disclaimer
Although the data used in the this study is based on real measurements, the processing and analysis of these data sets has been preformed by a student with relatively minimal expertise. This website is for educational purposes only and has not been peer reviewed, nor is it published.